Milestones during Merkel's 16 years in power
During nearly 16 years in power, outgoing German Chancellor Merkel has made decisions that have touched the lives of every German, and many others besides. Here are some of her key moments as chancellor:
November 22, 2005: Merkel is elected Germany's first female chancellor. She leads a coalition of conservatives and social democrats.
March 2007: Merkel achieves a major legislative victory as the parliament agrees on a gradual lifting of the retirement age from 65 to 67.
June 6-8, 2007: Merkel hosts the first G8 summit, with Africa and climate change at the top of the agenda.
October 5, 2008: Merkel promises Germans that their savings are secure three weeks after the collapse of Lehman Brothers and the start of the financial crisis.
Mar 5, 2010: Merkel declares there is "no alternative" to helping Greece avoid bankruptcy, putting Europe's biggest economy fully behind efforts for financial aid that would total hundreds of billions of euros.
July 2011: Nearly a year after Merkel's government gave its backing to the measure, Germany scraps compulsory military conscription and national service.
March 14, 2011: As a response to Merkel's decision to turn against nuclear power in the wake of the disaster at Fukushima, the parliament votes to end all nuclear power generation by 2022.
June 7, 2011: US President Barack Obama gives Merkel the Freedom Medal, the US' highest civilian honour.
October 24, 2013: "Spying on friends is totally unacceptable," Merkel says, after reports that the US NSA intelligence service had access to her mobile phone.
May 25, 2014: The far-right Alternative for Germany (AfD) enters the EU Parliament for the first time; soon they achieve representation in all 16 German federal states and the national parliament.
February 12, 2015: In Minsk, Merkel and the leaders of France, Ukraine and Russia agree on a ceasefire and a roadmap towards peace. A shaky truce still exists but lapses regularly.
August 31, 2015: Merkel says "We can handle it" when it comes to an influx of refugees from the Middle East. Keeping the borders of German open at the beginning of the European refugee crisis becomes one of her defining moments.
December 19, 2016: An Islamist attacker drives a truck into a busy Christmas market in the heart of Berlin, killing 12 people. It is the worst of a spate of Islamist attacks.
March 17, 2017: A handshake that never happened was a bad start to a visit by Merkel to Donald Trump's White House. Germany's ties with the US remain frigid throughout the Trump presidency.
June 30, 2017: The German parliament approves gay marriage and adoption by same-sex couples. Merkel votes against the motion, but allows her party members a free vote.
October 29, 2018: With the government and her Christian Democrats (CDU) under mounting pressure from other political parties, Merkel announces she will give up the leadership of the CDU but stay on as chancellor until the end of her term.
March 18, 2020: Merkel makes a televised address urging people to take the coronavirus pandemic seriously. Germany has since experienced three major waves of Covid-19 infections, as well as multiple lockdowns.
July 16, 2021: Merkel says the sudden flooding in western Germany has left a "surreal, ghostly situation" as she visits hard-hit zones. The floods become a key election issue.
August 15, 2021: The fall of Afghanistan to the Taliban calls into question 20 years of international efforts to shore up the governmemt there. Merkel's Foreign Minister Heiko Maas takes much of the direct criticism.